Chapter 4 Review Part II/Continuation

Caesar Augustus (p.112)
- First emperor of Rome (reigned 27 B.C.E-14 C.E)
- Walked on eggshells - in the sense that many subjects believed Rome had betrayed and abandoned its Republican origins; as such, was careful to maintain forms of the Republic and employed rhetoric when dealing with the Roman people
- Despite this, was not reluctant to exercise his sole authority, backed by his command of Rome’s professional army

Pax Romana
- the relative prosperity that characterized the first 2 centuries of imperial Rome, when it was as its greatest extent and authority (p.112)

Qin Shihuangdi
- armed with an effective bureaucracy, a subordinated aristocracy, an army with iron weapons, rapidly rising agricultural output, a growing population, and a political philosophy called legalism, successfully lead a 10 yr military campaign against the other warring states of China to reunite them under 1 empire (p.113)
- laid the foundations for a unified Chinese state, which endures to the present
- Empire formation under him was far more compressed than that of Rome, but no less brutal. Opposing scholars were executed. Aristocrats who opposed him were moved to the capital. Hundreds of thousands of laborers were recruited to construct the Great Wall and his mausoleum. More positively, he imposed a uniform system of weights, measures, and currency and the written form of the Chinese language (p.114).
- The speed and brutality of his policies ensured his dynasty did not last long.

Han dynasty
- 206 B.C.E.-220 C.E (p.114)
- followed in footsteps of Qin Shihuangdi; retained centralized features of imperial state, but moderated the harshness of its policies (p.114)
- It was their rulers who consolidated China’s imperial state and established the political patterns that lasted into the 20th century
- Ended in 220 C.E.; marked the collapse of Chinese empire (p.117)

Mauryan Empire
- 326-184 B.C.E. (p.120)
- 1st and largest of India’s short experiments with large scale political systems (p.120)
- equivalent to Persian, Chinese, and Roman empires; though not nearly as long lasting (p.120)
- population of approximately 50 million (p.120)
- boasted a large military force and a civilian bureaucracy featuring various ministries and a large contingent of spies (p.120)
- Empire broke apart shortly after Ashoka’s [see below] death (p.121)

Ashoka
- Reigned Mauryan India from 268-232 B.C.E. (p.120)
- Began via ruthless consolidation of his own power and vigorous expansion of the state’s frontiers, like many others (p.120)
- Following the battle of Kalinga, reportedly adopted Buddhism and more peaceful ways (nonviolence and toleration) of governing (p.120)
- Urged the “advancement of all sects” and promised to work for “every kind of happiness in this world and the next” (p.120)
- Particularly generous in his support of Buddhist monasteries, ordered the digging of wells, the planting of shade trees, and the building of rest stops, which all served to integrate the kingdom’s economy (p.120)
- His policies signaled good politics as well as good morality; though despite their good intentions, the Mauryan Empire broke apart shortly after his death (p121)